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Mechanical Clock

A clock

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This project is about designing and building a fully functional mechanical clock powered by a single electric motor. The clock uses a system of laser-cut wooden gears to transmit motion from the second hand to the minute and hour hands, following traditional timekeeping ratios. The goal is to achieve accurate and continuous movement using only mechanical transmission, while respecting design constraints such as a maximum of 60 teeth per gear. The project combines mechanical design, digital fabrication, and basic electronics to create a working and visually appealing timepiece

This project is a fully functional mechanical clock driven by a single electric motor. The goal was to recreate a classic gear-based timekeeping mechanism, where the motor turns the seconds gear once per minute, and this movement is transmitted through a chain of wooden gears to control the minute and hour hands.

All gears were custom-designed in Fusion 360, respecting a strict constraint: no gear could have more than 60 teeth. This required careful calculation of gear ratios and multi-stage transmission to achieve:

  • 1 rotation of the minute hand every 60 minutes

  • 1 rotation of the hour hand every 12 hours

The gears were laser-cut from plywood, offering both mechanical precision and a clean, aesthetic look. The entire clock structure (gears, frame, and hands) was built by hand using digital fabrication tools.

An Arduino and a 28BYJ-48 stepper motor control the movement, turning the seconds gear at exactly 1 revolution per minute. No additional motors are used; all hands move through mechanical transmission alone.

This project combines:

  • Mechanical design

  • Digital fabrication

  • Electronics

  • Gear ratio optimization

  • Aesthetic woodworking

The result is a beautiful and accurate timepiece that showcases how precise and elegant mechanical systems can be even when made from simple materials like wood.

Code Moteur qui tourne.txt

plain - 427.00 bytes - 05/13/2025 at 10:21

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Cadran affichage temps v1.svg

svg+xml - 2.44 kB - 05/13/2025 at 10:20

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Cadran affichage temps v2(lebon).svg

svg+xml - 5.31 MB - 05/13/2025 at 10:14

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gears fonctionnent vrmt v2.svg

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involute_gear_38_to_28 (à imprimer).svg

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  • 1 × Mechanical Components Laser-cut wooden gears (plywood, 3 mm) Various gear sizes (each ≤ 60 teeth) Wooden clock hands (laser-cut) Plywood sheets for the structural frame and supports Axles (wooden dowels) Glue (for frame assembly)
  • 1 × Electronic Components Arduino UNO board 28BYJ-48 stepper motor (5-wire, with a round metal housing) ULN2003 stepper motor driver module (with indicator LEDs for each coil) USB Type-B cable (for powering and programming the Arduino) Jumper wires (to connect the Arduino to the motor driver module)
  • 1 × Software and Design Tools Fusion 360 (for gear and frame design) Inkscape (for converting/exporting SVG files) Arduino IDE (for motor control programming) Laser cutter (for fabrication)

  • Conclusion

    maxandre.lena3 days ago 0 comments

    Let's take a look at what we need to improve. For a start, it would be best to find a better site for designing our gears. Secondly, having stronger, more robust axles would help the gears to hold better. Lastly, to prevent the gears from wobbling, we'd need to come up with a design that would hold them better - making them thicker would be the solution.

    Finally, on the subject of aesthetics, we could imagine superimposing the hands to display the time. 

    -What we learned from this project..: 
    -the importance of time management
    -the importance of dividing up tasks
    -how 360° fusion works
    -how a Servo Motor works
    -how a LASER cutter works

    The challenges we faced:
    -calculating the ratios between the gears, taking into account their radius so that they are not too large
    -calculate the distances between the gears to prevent the mechanism from jamming
    -superimpose the various gears and calculate their height
    -fix the gears so that they rotate correctly in relation to each other

  • Clock(April 22th)

    maxandre.lena3 days ago 0 comments

    We have modified the motor code, and the gears attached to the motor now make 6 revolutions in 1 minute. So that the ratio between the gears is correct. Finally, our motor turns counterclockwise

    #include <Stepper.h>
    
    const int stepsPerRevolution = 2048; // Steps for one full revolution
    
    // Pin configuration for the 28BYJ-48 motor
    Stepper myStepper(stepsPerRevolution, 8, 10, 9, 11);
    
    void setup() {
      // Set speed to 6 revolutions per minute
      myStepper.setSpeed(6);
    }
    
    void loop() {
      // Continuously rotate the motor at 6 RPM
      myStepper.step(-1); // One step at a time, speed controlled by setSpeed()
    }
    

  • Our sketch

    maxandre.lena3 days ago 0 comments

  • Assembly(May 9th)

    maxandre.lena3 days ago 0 comments

    Raphaël and I got together on Friday, May 9th, to assemble the clock parts and see if they finally worked.
    We had a lot of complications, both in terms of gear supply and the solidity of the axes around which our gears are fixed. What's more, the size of the gears doesn't allow them to be perfectly horizontal. What's more, the gears' toothing means we have to place them very precisely to prevent the mechanism from jamming.
    All that's left to do is place the hands and indexes to read the time.

  • Clock(May 6th)

    maxandre.lena04/29/2025 at 11:21 0 comments

    In this session, we began integrating the motor that will drive the entire clock. We used a stepper motor (28BYJ-48) controlled by an Arduino to achieve precise and slow rotation—one full turn per minute.

    We uploaded a simple test script to rotate the motor exactly 360° in 60 seconds. We mounted the first gear (seconds) directly on the motor shaft and observed its performance.

    The test was successful: the motor ran smoothly and maintained consistent speed. This confirmed that the motor is suitable to serve as the driving force for the entire mechanism. Next, we plan to connect the gear train and observe the transmission to the minute gear.

  • Clock(April 29th)

    maxandre.lena04/29/2025 at 11:10 0 comments

    Once the gear models were ready, we exported them as SVG files and prepared them for laser cutting but this part took a long time because there were problems with the files containing the gears on 360 fusion . We used 3mm plywood for the prototypes.

    The laser cutter allowed us to produce gears with very precise tooth profiles. We adjusted the power and speed settings to avoid burning or warping the edges. After cutting, we manually sanded and cleaned the pieces to ensure a smooth rotation.

    Seeing the wooden gears come to life was a big milestone it gave us the first physical components of our future clock. We then began testing the gear meshes to verify alignment and motion transfer.

  • Clock(April 8th)

    maxandre.lena04/29/2025 at 11:01 0 comments

    With our project back on track, we focused on designing the gear system required to transmit motion from the seconds gear (1 rotation per minute) to the minute gear (1 rotation per hour), and then to the hour gear (1 rotation every 12 hours).

    Due to the constraint that no gear can have more than 60 teeth (because our model will be too big otherwise), we had to carefully calculate the gear ratios. After testing different configurations, we settled on multi-stage gear trains to achieve the necessary reductions.

    Using Fusion 360, we created digital models of each gear and ensured that the teeth meshed correctly. We double-checked the spacing and pitch diameter for each gear pair to avoid slippage or backlash.

  • Clock(March 18th)

    maxandre.lena04/29/2025 at 10:51 0 comments

    After evaluating the feasibility and educational value of both ideas, we decided to return to our original project: designing a fully mechanical clock. We realized the clock offered more opportunities to apply precise mechanical design, gear calculations, and creative problem-solving.

    In this session, we finalized our commitment to the gear-based clock and started focusing again on the mechanisms that would ensure accurate timekeeping. From this point forward, all sessions will be dedicated to building a reliable, motor-driven mechanical clock.

  • Change of project(March 11th)

    maxandre.lena03/04/2025 at 10:00 0 comments

    Initially, we planned to build a mechanical clock powered by gears. However, after exploring the design details, materials, and complexity involved, we decided to shift our focus towards a new and exciting project: an electric frisbee launcher.

    We modified our project because we discovered that there was little information available on mechanical clockmaking, but also because we didn't think it was an easy project to carry out. Furtheremore, a lot of people wanted to make a clock, which led us to change the project.

    During today's session, we created detailed plans for our electric frisbee launcher, deciding to use a single motor for simplicity and efficiency. The launcher will operate using a single motor-driven wheel that spins rapidly, transferring kinetic energy to the frisbee and launching it accurately and consistently.

  • Clock(March 4th)

    maxandre.lena03/04/2025 at 09:53 0 comments

    Today, we made progress on our exciting project of creating a mechanical clock with gears. We started by exploring the details of our project, using Fusion 360 to visualize and design the gears. We also created cardboard models to better understand the structure and operation of our clock.

    Next, we thought about the materials to use, deciding to opt for wood due to its durability and aesthetic appeal. We discussed the number of gears needed and the number of teeth for each gear to ensure smooth and precise operation. 

    We made a sketch and a maquette with cardboard to visualize our project

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